Last Updated on 9월 14, 2024 by Jade(정현호)
Contents
MySQL Charset/Collation
Character Set 은 문자와 Encoding의 집합이고, Collation은 Character 간의 정렬을 의미합니다.
사용 가능한 모든 Character set
• 8.0.23 버전 기준
mysql> show character set;
또는
mysql> SELECT *
FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_SETS;
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+ | Charset | Description | Default collation | Maxlen | +----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+ | armscii8 | ARMSCII-8 Armenian | armscii8_general_ci | 1 | | ascii | US ASCII | ascii_general_ci | 1 | | big5 | Big5 Traditional Chinese | big5_chinese_ci | 2 | | binary | Binary pseudo charset | binary | 1 | | cp1250 | Windows Central European | cp1250_general_ci | 1 | | cp1251 | Windows Cyrillic | cp1251_general_ci | 1 | | cp1256 | Windows Arabic | cp1256_general_ci | 1 | | cp1257 | Windows Baltic | cp1257_general_ci | 1 | | cp850 | DOS West European | cp850_general_ci | 1 | | cp852 | DOS Central European | cp852_general_ci | 1 | | cp866 | DOS Russian | cp866_general_ci | 1 | | cp932 | SJIS for Windows Japanese | cp932_japanese_ci | 2 | | dec8 | DEC West European | dec8_swedish_ci | 1 | | eucjpms | UJIS for Windows Japanese | eucjpms_japanese_ci | 3 | | euckr | EUC-KR Korean | euckr_korean_ci | 2 | | gb18030 | China National Standard GB18030 | gb18030_chinese_ci | 4 | | gb2312 | GB2312 Simplified Chinese | gb2312_chinese_ci | 2 | | gbk | GBK Simplified Chinese | gbk_chinese_ci | 2 | | geostd8 | GEOSTD8 Georgian | geostd8_general_ci | 1 | | greek | ISO 8859-7 Greek | greek_general_ci | 1 | | hebrew | ISO 8859-8 Hebrew | hebrew_general_ci | 1 | | hp8 | HP West European | hp8_english_ci | 1 | | keybcs2 | DOS Kamenicky Czech-Slovak | keybcs2_general_ci | 1 | | koi8r | KOI8-R Relcom Russian | koi8r_general_ci | 1 | | koi8u | KOI8-U Ukrainian | koi8u_general_ci | 1 | | latin1 | cp1252 West European | latin1_swedish_ci | 1 | | latin2 | ISO 8859-2 Central European | latin2_general_ci | 1 | | latin5 | ISO 8859-9 Turkish | latin5_turkish_ci | 1 | | latin7 | ISO 8859-13 Baltic | latin7_general_ci | 1 | | macce | Mac Central European | macce_general_ci | 1 | | macroman | Mac West European | macroman_general_ci | 1 | | sjis | Shift-JIS Japanese | sjis_japanese_ci | 2 | | swe7 | 7bit Swedish | swe7_swedish_ci | 1 | | tis620 | TIS620 Thai | tis620_thai_ci | 1 | | ucs2 | UCS-2 Unicode | ucs2_general_ci | 2 | | ujis | EUC-JP Japanese | ujis_japanese_ci | 3 | | utf16 | UTF-16 Unicode | utf16_general_ci | 4 | | utf16le | UTF-16LE Unicode | utf16le_general_ci | 4 | | utf32 | UTF-32 Unicode | utf32_general_ci | 4 | | utf8 | UTF-8 Unicode | utf8_general_ci | 3 | | utf8mb4 | UTF-8 Unicode | utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci | 4 | +----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
모든 Collation 정보
mysql> show collation;
또는
mysql> SELECT *
FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLLATIONS;
+----------------------------+----------+-----+---------+----------+---------+---------------+ | Collation | Charset | Id | Default | Compiled | Sortlen | Pad_attribute | +----------------------------+----------+-----+---------+----------+---------+---------------+ | armscii8_bin | armscii8 | 64 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | armscii8_general_ci | armscii8 | 32 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | ascii_bin | ascii | 65 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | ascii_general_ci | ascii | 11 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | big5_bin | big5 | 84 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | big5_chinese_ci | big5 | 1 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | binary | binary | 63 | Yes | Yes | 1 | NO PAD | | cp1250_bin | cp1250 | 66 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | cp1250_croatian_ci | cp1250 | 44 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | cp1250_czech_cs | cp1250 | 34 | | Yes | 2 | PAD SPACE | | cp1250_general_ci | cp1250 | 26 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | cp1250_polish_ci | cp1250 | 99 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | cp1251_bin | cp1251 | 50 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | cp1251_bulgarian_ci | cp1251 | 14 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | cp1251_general_ci | cp1251 | 51 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | cp1251_general_cs | cp1251 | 52 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | cp1251_ukrainian_ci | cp1251 | 23 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | cp1256_bin | cp1256 | 67 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | cp1256_general_ci | cp1256 | 57 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | cp1257_bin | cp1257 | 58 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | cp1257_general_ci | cp1257 | 59 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | cp1257_lithuanian_ci | cp1257 | 29 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | cp850_bin | cp850 | 80 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | cp850_general_ci | cp850 | 4 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | cp852_bin | cp852 | 81 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | cp852_general_ci | cp852 | 40 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | cp866_bin | cp866 | 68 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | cp866_general_ci | cp866 | 36 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | cp932_bin | cp932 | 96 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | cp932_japanese_ci | cp932 | 95 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | dec8_bin | dec8 | 69 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | dec8_swedish_ci | dec8 | 3 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | eucjpms_bin | eucjpms | 98 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | eucjpms_japanese_ci | eucjpms | 97 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | euckr_bin | euckr | 85 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | euckr_korean_ci | euckr | 19 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | gb18030_bin | gb18030 | 249 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | gb18030_chinese_ci | gb18030 | 248 | Yes | Yes | 2 | PAD SPACE | | gb18030_unicode_520_ci | gb18030 | 250 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | gb2312_bin | gb2312 | 86 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | gb2312_chinese_ci | gb2312 | 24 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | gbk_bin | gbk | 87 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | gbk_chinese_ci | gbk | 28 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | geostd8_bin | geostd8 | 93 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | geostd8_general_ci | geostd8 | 92 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | greek_bin | greek | 70 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | greek_general_ci | greek | 25 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | hebrew_bin | hebrew | 71 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | hebrew_general_ci | hebrew | 16 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | hp8_bin | hp8 | 72 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | hp8_english_ci | hp8 | 6 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | keybcs2_bin | keybcs2 | 73 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | keybcs2_general_ci | keybcs2 | 37 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | koi8r_bin | koi8r | 74 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | koi8r_general_ci | koi8r | 7 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | koi8u_bin | koi8u | 75 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | koi8u_general_ci | koi8u | 22 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | latin1_bin | latin1 | 47 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | latin1_danish_ci | latin1 | 15 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | latin1_general_ci | latin1 | 48 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | latin1_general_cs | latin1 | 49 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | latin1_german1_ci | latin1 | 5 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | latin1_german2_ci | latin1 | 31 | | Yes | 2 | PAD SPACE | | latin1_spanish_ci | latin1 | 94 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | latin1_swedish_ci | latin1 | 8 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | latin2_bin | latin2 | 77 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | latin2_croatian_ci | latin2 | 27 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | latin2_czech_cs | latin2 | 2 | | Yes | 4 | PAD SPACE | | latin2_general_ci | latin2 | 9 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | latin2_hungarian_ci | latin2 | 21 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | latin5_bin | latin5 | 78 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | latin5_turkish_ci | latin5 | 30 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | latin7_bin | latin7 | 79 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | latin7_estonian_cs | latin7 | 20 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | latin7_general_ci | latin7 | 41 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | latin7_general_cs | latin7 | 42 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | macce_bin | macce | 43 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | macce_general_ci | macce | 38 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | macroman_bin | macroman | 53 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | macroman_general_ci | macroman | 39 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | sjis_bin | sjis | 88 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | sjis_japanese_ci | sjis | 13 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | swe7_bin | swe7 | 82 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | swe7_swedish_ci | swe7 | 10 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | tis620_bin | tis620 | 89 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | tis620_thai_ci | tis620 | 18 | Yes | Yes | 4 | PAD SPACE | | ucs2_bin | ucs2 | 90 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | ucs2_croatian_ci | ucs2 | 149 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | ucs2_czech_ci | ucs2 | 138 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | ucs2_danish_ci | ucs2 | 139 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | ucs2_esperanto_ci | ucs2 | 145 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | ucs2_estonian_ci | ucs2 | 134 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | ucs2_general_ci | ucs2 | 35 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | ucs2_general_mysql500_ci | ucs2 | 159 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | ucs2_german2_ci | ucs2 | 148 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | ucs2_hungarian_ci | ucs2 | 146 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | ucs2_icelandic_ci | ucs2 | 129 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | ucs2_latvian_ci | ucs2 | 130 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | ucs2_lithuanian_ci | ucs2 | 140 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | ucs2_persian_ci | ucs2 | 144 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | ucs2_polish_ci | ucs2 | 133 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | ucs2_romanian_ci | ucs2 | 131 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | ucs2_roman_ci | ucs2 | 143 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | ucs2_sinhala_ci | ucs2 | 147 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | ucs2_slovak_ci | ucs2 | 141 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | ucs2_slovenian_ci | ucs2 | 132 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | ucs2_spanish2_ci | ucs2 | 142 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | ucs2_spanish_ci | ucs2 | 135 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | ucs2_swedish_ci | ucs2 | 136 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | ucs2_turkish_ci | ucs2 | 137 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | ucs2_unicode_520_ci | ucs2 | 150 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | ucs2_unicode_ci | ucs2 | 128 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | ucs2_vietnamese_ci | ucs2 | 151 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | ujis_bin | ujis | 91 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | ujis_japanese_ci | ujis | 12 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | utf16le_bin | utf16le | 62 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | utf16le_general_ci | utf16le | 56 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | utf16_bin | utf16 | 55 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | utf16_croatian_ci | utf16 | 122 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf16_czech_ci | utf16 | 111 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf16_danish_ci | utf16 | 112 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf16_esperanto_ci | utf16 | 118 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf16_estonian_ci | utf16 | 107 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf16_general_ci | utf16 | 54 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | utf16_german2_ci | utf16 | 121 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf16_hungarian_ci | utf16 | 119 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf16_icelandic_ci | utf16 | 102 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf16_latvian_ci | utf16 | 103 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf16_lithuanian_ci | utf16 | 113 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf16_persian_ci | utf16 | 117 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf16_polish_ci | utf16 | 106 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf16_romanian_ci | utf16 | 104 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf16_roman_ci | utf16 | 116 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf16_sinhala_ci | utf16 | 120 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf16_slovak_ci | utf16 | 114 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf16_slovenian_ci | utf16 | 105 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf16_spanish2_ci | utf16 | 115 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf16_spanish_ci | utf16 | 108 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf16_swedish_ci | utf16 | 109 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf16_turkish_ci | utf16 | 110 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf16_unicode_520_ci | utf16 | 123 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf16_unicode_ci | utf16 | 101 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf16_vietnamese_ci | utf16 | 124 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf32_bin | utf32 | 61 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | utf32_croatian_ci | utf32 | 181 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf32_czech_ci | utf32 | 170 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf32_danish_ci | utf32 | 171 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf32_esperanto_ci | utf32 | 177 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf32_estonian_ci | utf32 | 166 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf32_general_ci | utf32 | 60 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | utf32_german2_ci | utf32 | 180 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf32_hungarian_ci | utf32 | 178 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf32_icelandic_ci | utf32 | 161 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf32_latvian_ci | utf32 | 162 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf32_lithuanian_ci | utf32 | 172 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf32_persian_ci | utf32 | 176 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf32_polish_ci | utf32 | 165 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf32_romanian_ci | utf32 | 163 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf32_roman_ci | utf32 | 175 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf32_sinhala_ci | utf32 | 179 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf32_slovak_ci | utf32 | 173 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf32_slovenian_ci | utf32 | 164 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf32_spanish2_ci | utf32 | 174 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf32_spanish_ci | utf32 | 167 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf32_swedish_ci | utf32 | 168 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf32_turkish_ci | utf32 | 169 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf32_unicode_520_ci | utf32 | 182 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf32_unicode_ci | utf32 | 160 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf32_vietnamese_ci | utf32 | 183 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 255 | Yes | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_0900_as_ci | utf8mb4 | 305 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 278 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_0900_bin | utf8mb4 | 309 | | Yes | 1 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_bin | utf8mb4 | 46 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | utf8mb4_croatian_ci | utf8mb4 | 245 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8mb4_cs_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 266 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_cs_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 289 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_czech_ci | utf8mb4 | 234 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8mb4_danish_ci | utf8mb4 | 235 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8mb4_da_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 267 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_da_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 290 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_de_pb_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 256 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_de_pb_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 279 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_eo_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 273 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_eo_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 296 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_esperanto_ci | utf8mb4 | 241 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8mb4_estonian_ci | utf8mb4 | 230 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8mb4_es_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 263 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_es_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 286 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_es_trad_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 270 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_es_trad_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 293 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_et_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 262 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_et_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 285 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_general_ci | utf8mb4 | 45 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | utf8mb4_german2_ci | utf8mb4 | 244 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8mb4_hr_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 275 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_hr_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 298 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_hungarian_ci | utf8mb4 | 242 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8mb4_hu_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 274 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_hu_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 297 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_icelandic_ci | utf8mb4 | 225 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8mb4_is_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 257 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_is_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 280 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_ja_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 303 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_ja_0900_as_cs_ks | utf8mb4 | 304 | | Yes | 24 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_latvian_ci | utf8mb4 | 226 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8mb4_la_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 271 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_la_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 294 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_lithuanian_ci | utf8mb4 | 236 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8mb4_lt_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 268 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_lt_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 291 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_lv_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 258 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_lv_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 281 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_persian_ci | utf8mb4 | 240 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8mb4_pl_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 261 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_pl_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 284 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_polish_ci | utf8mb4 | 229 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8mb4_romanian_ci | utf8mb4 | 227 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8mb4_roman_ci | utf8mb4 | 239 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8mb4_ro_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 259 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_ro_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 282 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_ru_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 306 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_ru_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 307 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_sinhala_ci | utf8mb4 | 243 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8mb4_sk_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 269 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_sk_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 292 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_slovak_ci | utf8mb4 | 237 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8mb4_slovenian_ci | utf8mb4 | 228 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8mb4_sl_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 260 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_sl_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 283 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_spanish2_ci | utf8mb4 | 238 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8mb4_spanish_ci | utf8mb4 | 231 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8mb4_sv_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 264 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_sv_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 287 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_swedish_ci | utf8mb4 | 232 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8mb4_tr_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 265 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_tr_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 288 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_turkish_ci | utf8mb4 | 233 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8mb4_unicode_520_ci | utf8mb4 | 246 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8mb4_unicode_ci | utf8mb4 | 224 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8mb4_vietnamese_ci | utf8mb4 | 247 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8mb4_vi_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 277 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_vi_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 300 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8mb4_zh_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 308 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD | | utf8_bin | utf8 | 83 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | utf8_croatian_ci | utf8 | 213 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8_czech_ci | utf8 | 202 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8_danish_ci | utf8 | 203 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8_esperanto_ci | utf8 | 209 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8_estonian_ci | utf8 | 198 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8_general_ci | utf8 | 33 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | utf8_general_mysql500_ci | utf8 | 223 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | utf8_german2_ci | utf8 | 212 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8_hungarian_ci | utf8 | 210 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8_icelandic_ci | utf8 | 193 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8_latvian_ci | utf8 | 194 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8_lithuanian_ci | utf8 | 204 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8_persian_ci | utf8 | 208 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8_polish_ci | utf8 | 197 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8_romanian_ci | utf8 | 195 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8_roman_ci | utf8 | 207 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8_sinhala_ci | utf8 | 211 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8_slovak_ci | utf8 | 205 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8_slovenian_ci | utf8 | 196 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8_spanish2_ci | utf8 | 206 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8_spanish_ci | utf8 | 199 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8_swedish_ci | utf8 | 200 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8_tolower_ci | utf8 | 76 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE | | utf8_turkish_ci | utf8 | 201 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8_unicode_520_ci | utf8 | 214 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8_unicode_ci | utf8 | 192 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | | utf8_vietnamese_ci | utf8 | 215 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE | +----------------------------+----------+-----+---------+----------+---------+---------------+
- 현재 서버 설정 내역 조회 명령어
mysql> SHOW VARIABLES WHERE VARIABLE_NAME LIKE '%coll%' OR VARIABLE_NAME LIKE '%char%' OR VARIABLE_NAME='init_connect';
Default Character Set
MySQL 의 Default Character Set는 버전별 차이가 나며 8.0.1 기준으로 latin1 에서 utf8mb4 로 변경되었습니다
Character Set Support
Important Change: The default character set has changed from latin1 to utf8mb4. These system variables are affected:
- The default value of the character_set_server and character_set_database system variables has changed from latin1 to utf8mb4.
- The default value of the collation_server and collation_database system variables has changed from latin1_swedish_ci to utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
5.6 ~ 5.7 까지의 default Character set 은 latin1 이었습니다
MySQL includes character set support that enables you to store data using a variety of character sets and perform comparisons according to a variety of collations. The default MySQL server character set and collation are latin1 and latin1_swedish_ci, but you can specify character sets at the server, database, table, column, and string literal levels.
MySQL Collation
Collation 은 Character 간의 정렬을 의미하며 Collation 은 크게 2가지로 나뉘게 됩니다.
• binary collation
문자를 encoding 된 바이너리 스트림 값으로 문자를 비교하게 됩니다
a 와 A 는 코드가 다르기 때문에 다른 문자로 인식됩니다.
• case-insensitive collation
_ci 가 붙은 문자열입니다(ex: utf8mb4_unicode_ci)
1. 대문자 소문자를 같은 문자로 다루게 됩니다
2. 이 후에 encoding 으로 비교합니다.
_ci 에는 몇 가지 종류가 있으며 여기서는 크게 2가지에 대해서 언급 드리도록 하겠습니다.
(CI: case-insensitive:대소문자 구별하지 않는)
CI(case-insensitive) Collation은 위에서 설명한 내용과 같이 검색시 대소문자 구분을 하지 않으면 또한 Unique 제약사항에서도 동일하게 대소문자를 구분하지 않고 중복 여부를 확인합니다.
mysql> CREATE TABLE `tb_ci_test` (
`id` bigint unsigned NOT NULL,
`col` varchar(50) COLLATE utf8mb4_general_ci DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
UNIQUE KEY `udx_col` (`col`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;
mysql> insert into tb_ci_test(id,col) values(1,'abc');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from tb_ci_test;
+----+------+
| id | col |
+----+------+
| 1 | abc |
+----+------+
mysql> insert into tb_ci_test(id,col) values(2,'ABC');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'ABC' for key 'tb_ci_test.udx_col'
mysql> insert into tb_ci_test(id,col) values(2,'Abc');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'Abc' for key 'tb_ci_test.udx_col'
크게 general_ci 과 unicode_ci 2가지로 구분할 수 있으며 보통 둘 중 하나를 사용합니다. 각 언어셋 별 default collation 정보는 show character set 에서 확인 할 수 있습니다
(위에 기재되어 있음)
default collation 은 general 이 대부분이며 collation 별로 정렬의 기능의 차이와 속도의 차이가 발생하게 됩니다.
• general_ci
속도를 높이는데 중점이 되어 빠르며 일반적인 경우 사용되게 됩니다 general_ci 의 경우 ÀÁÅåāă 등 과 같이 accents 문자가 없어서 해당 단어의 대문자인 A로 치환/비교 되게 됩니다. unicode_ci 와 다르게 반각/전각을 구분합니다.
• unicode_ci
유니코드 규칙을 기반으로 하여 정확한 정렬을 목표로 수행됩니다. general_ci와 다르게 반각/전각을 구분하지 않습니다.
[참고] general_ci 와 unicode_ci 외 Collation 간의 속도 벤치마크
charset-and-collation-settings-impact-on-mysql-performance
utf8mb4
4 바이트의 utf8 인 utf8mb4 에 대한 내용을 확인해 보겠습니다.
개요
UTF8 은 대부분 텍스트를 저장할 수 있는 자료형 문자 집합입니다. UTF8은 4(1~4)바이트까지 저장되는 가변 바이트 구조이고 MySQL 은 개발 당시에는 UTF8(MB3)는 3바이트로 개발이 되었습니다. 그에 따라 최근의 사용이 많아진 4바이트 문자열인 Emoji 😄 는 기존 UTF8(3바이트)에 저장할 수가 없었습니다.
그래서 MySQL은 4바이트 UTF8 을 저장할 수 있는 자료형 문자 집합인 utf8mb4 케릭터 셋을 추가하였습니다.
(MySQL 5.5.3)
[참고] Emoji 문자인 😄 를 입력하는 방법에는 스마트폰에서 입력하거나 맥OS 에서는 커맨드키 + 컨트롤키 + 스페이스 를 누르게 되면 아래와 같이 입력이 가능 합니다.
[참고] default-character-set 는 MySQL 5.5 버전부터 deprecated 되었습니다.
파라미터 설정
utf8mb4 사용에 관한 설정은 아래와 같이 2개의 파라미터를 이용하시면 됩니다.
[mysqld]
character-set-server=utf8mb4
MySQL 5.7 기준
collation-server=utf8mb4_general_ci
또는
collation-server=utf8mb4_unicode_ci
MySQL 8.0 에서는 utf8mb4 의 default collation 은 utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci 입니다
• utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
유니코드 9.0 표현을 지원
AI - Accent Insensitive : ÀÁÅåāă 등 과 같이 accents 지원
CI - Case Insensitive : 대소문자 구별 안함
init-connect 설정
set names 설정
init-connect 파라미터는 클라이언트가 MySQL 서버와 connection이 맺어지면 init-connect 설정된 명령어 스크립트가 수행되게 됩니다 init-connect 에 보통 설정하는 내역이 케릭터 셋과 Collation 이 보통 설정되며 아래의 2개의 내역이 주로 설정하여 사용하며 2개 케릭터 셋 관련 설정은 몇개의 환경변수와 연결되어 있습니다
• SET NAMES 설정시
아래3개의 변수가 같이 설정됩니다
설정 예시: SET NAMES 'utf8mb4'
character_set_client
character_set_connection
character_set_results
• SET collation_connection
설정 예시 SET collation_connection='utf8mb4_unicode_ci'
collation_connection 이 변경되게 됩니다.
• 다중 init-connect 사용시
init-connect=SET NAMES 'utf8mb4'
init-connect=SET collation_connection='utf8mb4_unicode_ci'
위와 같이 설정하게 되면 모두 적용되는 게 아닌 마지막 init-connect 만 적용되게 됩니다. 만약 2개 이상의 명령어를 수행하고 싶으면 콤마나 공백을 이용하면 됩니다
CONNECTION_ADMIN 권한 (또는 deprecate 된 SUPER 권한) 이 있는 사용자의 경우 init_connect의 내용이 실행되지 않으며 일반 유저에서만 init-connect 의 값이 적용 받습니다. 이유는 init_connect의 잘못된 값에 의해서 모든 클라이언트의 연결에 문제가 발생하지 않도록 위해서입니다. 아래에서 확인할 수 있지만 init_connect 에 구문 오류가 있는 문이 포함 되어있어 클라이언트 연결이 실패하게 됩니다
이럴 경우 CONNECTION_ADMIN 또는 SUPER 권한이 있는 사용자가 접속을 하여 init_connect 값을 수정하기 위함입니다.
init-connect 테스트
• 현재 서버 설정 값
character-set-server = utf8
collation-server = utf8_general_ci
• MySQL : 5.7.31
1) 현재 값 조회
mysql> SHOW VARIABLES WHERE VARIABLE_NAME LIKE '%coll%' OR VARIABLE_NAME LIKE '%char%' OR VARIABLE_NAME='init_connect'; +--------------------------+----------------------------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +--------------------------+----------------------------------+ | character_set_client | utf8 | | character_set_connection | utf8 | | character_set_database | utf8 | | character_set_filesystem | binary | | character_set_results | utf8 | | character_set_server | utf8 | | character_set_system | utf8 | | character_sets_dir | /usr/local/mysql/share/charsets/ | | collation_connection | utf8_general_ci | | collation_database | utf8_general_ci | | collation_server | utf8_general_ci | | init_connect | | +--------------------------+----------------------------------+
2) 안되는 case
위에서(이전) 설명한 것 처럼 init_connect 항목을 여러 개 지정하면 마지막에 설정한 내역이 반영되게 됩니다
init_connect = SET collation_connection = utf8mb4_unicode_ci
init_connect = SET NAMES utf8mb4
+--------------------------+------------------------------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +--------------------------+------------------------------------+ | character_set_client | utf8mb4 | | character_set_connection | utf8mb4 | | character_set_database | utf8 | | character_set_filesystem | binary | | character_set_results | utf8mb4 | | character_set_server | utf8 | | character_set_system | utf8 | | character_sets_dir | /usr/local/mysql/share/charsets/ | | collation_connection | utf8mb4_general_ci | | collation_database | utf8_general_ci | | collation_server | utf8_general_ci | | init_connect | SET NAMES utf8mb4 | +--------------------------+------------------------------------+
SET NAMES utf8mb4 에 의해서 character_set_client, character_set_connection, character_set_results 은 변경이 있었으나 collation_connection 는 명시적인 설정이 되어 있지 않기 때문에 character_set_connection 의 default collation으로 설정되어 unicode_ci 가 아닌 general_ci 로 되었습니다
• MySQL 5.7 기준 utf8mb4 의 default 는 utf8mb4_general_ci 입니다.
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+ | Charset | Description | Default collation | Maxlen | +----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+ | big5 | Big5 Traditional Chinese | big5_chinese_ci | 2 | | <중략...> | | utf8mb4 | UTF-8 Unicode | utf8mb4_general_ci | 4 | | <중략...> | +----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
• 아래 6개 중 4는 정상적으로 init-connect 이 수행되고 있으며, 2개는 정상 수행되지 않는 Case 입니다.
3) 정상 수행됨
init-connect=SET NAMES 'utf8mb4' COLLATE 'utf8mb4_unicode_ci'
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +--------------------------+-------------------------------------+ | character_set_client | utf8mb4 | | character_set_connection | utf8mb4 | | character_set_database | utf8 | | character_set_filesystem | binary | | character_set_results | utf8mb4 | | character_set_server | utf8 | | character_set_system | utf8 | | character_sets_dir | /usr/local/mysql/share/charsets/ | | collation_connection | utf8mb4_unicode_ci | | collation_database | utf8_general_ci | | collation_server | utf8_general_ci | | init_connect | SET NAMES 'utf8mb4' | | | COLLATE 'utf8mb4_unicode_ci' | | | ( 개행으로 편집된 표 입니다) | +--------------------------+-------------------------------------+
4) 정상 수행됨
init_connect='SET NAMES utf8mb4,collation_connection = utf8mb4_unicode_ci'
+--------------------------+--------------------------------------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +--------------------------+--------------------------------------------+ | character_set_client | utf8mb4 | | character_set_connection | utf8mb4 | | character_set_database | utf8 | | character_set_filesystem | binary | | character_set_results | utf8mb4 | | character_set_server | utf8 | | character_set_system | utf8 | | character_sets_dir | /usr/local/mysql/share/charsets/ | | collation_connection | utf8mb4_unicode_ci | | collation_database | utf8_general_ci | | collation_server | utf8_general_ci | | init_connect | SET NAMES utf8mb4, | | | collation_connection = utf8mb4_unicode_ci | | | ( 개행으로 편집된 표 입니다) | +--------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
5) 정상 수행됨
init_connect=SET NAMES utf8mb4,collation_connection = utf8mb4_unicode_ci
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +--------------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | character_set_client | utf8mb4 | | character_set_connection | utf8mb4 | | character_set_database | utf8 | | character_set_filesystem | binary | | character_set_results | utf8mb4 | | character_set_server | utf8 | | character_set_system | utf8 | | character_sets_dir | /usr/local/mysql/share/charsets/ | | collation_connection | utf8mb4_unicode_ci | | collation_database | utf8_general_ci | | collation_server | utf8_general_ci | | init_connect | SET NAMES utf8mb4, | | | collation_connection = utf8mb4_unicode_ci | | | ( 개행으로 편집된 표 입니다) | +--------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
6) 정상 수행됨
init_connect=SET NAMES 'utf8mb4',collation_connection = 'utf8mb4_unicode_ci'
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +--------------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | character_set_client | utf8mb4 | | character_set_connection | utf8mb4 | | character_set_database | utf8 | | character_set_filesystem | binary | | character_set_results | utf8mb4 | | character_set_server | utf8 | | character_set_system | utf8 | | character_sets_dir | /usr/local/mysql/share/charsets/ | | collation_connection | utf8mb4_unicode_ci | | collation_database | utf8_general_ci | | collation_server | utf8_general_ci | | init_connect | SET NAMES 'utf8mb4', | | | collation_connection = 'utf8mb4_unicode_ci' | | | (개행으로 편집된 표 입니다) | +--------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
7) NOT OK - 에러 발생
init-connect=SET NAMES 'utf8mb4';collation_connection='utf8mb4_unicode_ci'
repl_user@localhost:(none)> select version();
ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone away
No connection. Trying to reconnect...
Connection id: 6
Current database: *** NONE ***
ERROR 1184 (08S01): Aborted connection 6 to db: 'unconnected' user: 'repl_user' host: 'localhost' (init_connect command failed)
ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone away
No connection. Trying to reconnect...
Connection id: 7
Current database: *** NONE ***
ERROR 1184 (08S01): Aborted connection 7 to db: 'unconnected' user: 'repl_user' host: 'localhost' (init_connect command failed)
ERROR 1184 (08S01): Aborted connection 7 to db: 'unconnected' user: 'repl_user' host: 'localhost' (init_connect command failed)
8) NOT OK - 에러 발생
init-connect='SET NAMES utf8mb4;collation_connection=utf8mb4_unicode_ci'
repl_user@localhost:(none)> select version();
ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone away
No connection. Trying to reconnect...
Connection id: 3
Current database: *** NONE ***
ERROR 1184 (08S01): Aborted connection 3 to db: 'unconnected' user: 'repl_user' host: 'localhost' (init_connect command failed)
ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone away
No connection. Trying to reconnect...
Connection id: 4
Current database: *** NONE ***
ERROR 1184 (08S01): Aborted connection 4 to db: 'unconnected' user: 'repl_user' host: 'localhost' (init_connect command failed)
ERROR 1184 (08S01): Aborted connection 4 to db: 'unconnected' user: 'repl_user' host: 'localhost' (init_connect command failed)
참고
클라이언트 환경 변수에 지정된 문자셋 대신 character_set_server 사용을 강제하는 skip-character-set-client-handshake 파라미터가 지정이 되어 있어도 init-connect 에 설정된 값을 따라서 케릭터셋과 collation 은 설정이 변경됩니다.
이어지는 글
Reference
Reference link
• dev.mysql.com/5.6/charset.html
• dev.mysql.com/5.7/charset.html
• dev.mysql.com/8.0/charset.html
• dev.mysql.com/8.0/charset-unicode-sets.html
• dev.mysql.com/relnotes/news-8-0-1.html
• dev.mysql.com/5.7/case-sensitivity.html
• percona.com/collation-settings-mysql-performance
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